Widening access to HIV/AIDS drugs in Uganda
15 May 2008
By Moses Sserwanga in Kampala
Uganda has been widely praised by the international community for its
openness and effectiveness in the fight against the HIV and AIDS. Antiretroviral
drugs (ARVs) – the main treatment, which can stop people from becoming ill for
many years – are given to between 80,000 and 100,000 people, free of charge.
But that leaves at least another 100,000 HIV-positive Ugandans who do not have
access to these life-saving medicines.
The background picture
First of all, many people do not even know they are infected.
"Some people with disabilities cannot get ARVs because of lack of information,"
Francis Kinubi, chairperson of the National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda,
recently told a meeting of the Africa Campaign on Disability and HIV/AIDS in
Kampala.
"We don't have information about ARVs provided in braille form for the blind,"
he said. "We want HIV and AIDS services in terms of testing, ARVs, counselling
and treatment."
In addition, despite numerous educational and information campaigns, stigma
remains a problem. Some people are afraid to take HIV tests and register for
medicine for fear that they will be shunned by their communities and work
colleagues for immorality and accused of spreading the disease.
Others want to take the test, but are deterred by the cost and time of
travelling to a test centre.
"It’s not easy, because you have to undergo a number of tests and counselling
before you qualify for ARVs," says Gladys Bambola, a 44-year-old widow, whose
husband died of AIDS in 1994 and who is herself HIV-positive. Bambola points out
that a 15-kilometre journey by matatu (shared taxi) to a clinic will cost about
2,000 Uganda shillings ($2) – a sum equivalent to a rural family’s food and
basic essentials, such as salt and soap, for a week.
"The testing itself is expensive," she says. It can cost Sh23,000, a month’s
earnings for some poor villagers.
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An expensive business
The expense continues when you have to get to a clinic to collect your
medicines. Madina Kayonga complains about the difficulty of making the 30
kilometre journey from home to clinic. "Apart from the long distances, the
transport costs make it increasingly difficult for me, and other patients, to
reach the health centre." The round trip by matatu costs Sh5,000 – equivalent to
the cost of a week’s food.
Testing and qualifying for free ARVs may not be enough. As in most developing
countries, Uganda’s health infrastructure is weak and disorganised. It is short
of health workers and lacks storage facilities, laboratories, equipment,
medicines and efficient data management.
"We can talk about the numbers and sites where ARVs are provided," says Beatrice
Ware, an HIV-positive activist, "but as long as these centres don’t have enough
storage facilities for the drugs or laboratories to carry out tests and there
are no health workers to administer the drugs, we cannot achieve much."
Sometimes mismanagement keeps drugs on the shelves so long that their use-by
date expires; sometimes poor record-keeping means that too few drugs are
ordered. When this occurs, patients cannot get the drugs when they need them, as
Andrew Luyombo of the Uganda National Health Consumers Organisation confirms.
"In one rural health centre we realised that orders were falling behind demand,"
he recalls. "So we talked to the district health officer to involve the
community in the planning process so that they got all the drugs they need. Now
we have talked to officers in other districts too."
Shortages are more common in rural areas, where it is harder for the Government
to organise regular deliveries.
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Stamping out corruption
Asaph Byamukama, the Uganda finance and grants manager of the International
HIV/AIDS Alliance, says the Alliance is helping expand the role of networks of
people living with HIV by training network members. It has agreed with the
Ministry of Health that some drugs will be distributed through patient groups in
order to reach as many patients as possible and reduce transport costs. The
Alliance, which is funded by the US Agency for International Development, is
donating bicycles and motorbikes to make drug distribution easier.
But there’s another bottleneck – one that’s harder to deal with: corruption.
Some ARVs are sold on the black market or diverted to private clinics. A
healthworker who preferred to remain anonymous for fear of dismissal admitted
that "at the district level we have a big problem because procuring the drugs
takes forever and, at times, when they come they don’t reach the people waiting
for them."
Asaph Byamukama says the Government is trying hard to deliver ARVs to people
throughout the country, and undoubtedly much has been achieved. Nevertheless,
poverty, travel difficulties, maladministration and a host of other barriers
show how hard it is to ensure that patients access the drugs that will extend
their lives.
Note for editors
The newly launched Medicines Transparency Alliance (MeTA) will bring together government, business and civil society to share information and analysis about the problems around the supply of medicines in Uganda, including their quality, availability, price and promotion, and work together to explore possible solutions. This is part of a global effort, initially funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank to encourage greater transparency and accountability around the procurement, supply and use of medicines. MeTA will work initially in seven pilot countries – Ghana, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Peru, the Philippines, Uganda, and Zambia.
For further information, please contact:
MeTA Secretariat, 112 Malling Street, Lewes, East Sussex, BN7 2RJ, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (0) 1273 486861; Fax: +44 (0) 1273 478485. E-mail: info@metasecretariat.org.
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