Speech
Climate Change and Global Social Justice
Speech by Douglas
Alexander, Secretary of State for International Development, at Foreign Policy
Centre annual lecture, London School of Economics, Wednesday 6 February 2008
06 February 2008
Thank you, for that warm, kind, if not a little intimidating
introduction. The Foreign Policy Centre has played an important role in
progressive policy debates in the decade since it was founded by Robin Cook.
So it is an honour to be invited to give the Foreign Policy Centre’s first
annual lecture today. And it is wonderful to give this speech in such august
academic surroundings. The LSE has of course been at the forefront of academic
and political debates for decades - with many famous names gracing this very
significant institution.
Just to take one of them – if William Beveridge was here now, I sense he might
be turning his not inconsiderable intellect to the issue I want to discuss
today.
For in this first annual lecture, I’d like to discuss a topic that I believe
will dominate the agenda of these lectures on many occasions in the years ahead.
Last year witnessed certain key moments in the cause of tackling dangerous
climate change. The beginning of the UN negotiations at Bali in November. The
awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Al Gore and the IPCC. The recognition by
the UN Security Council for the first time of the threat posed by climate
change. And the Chinese Government’s own report concluding that pollution cost
China some £32 billion - more than 3% of total economic output – in just a
single year.
But I believe that 2008 is the year when these moments must be turned into
momentum.
Why do we need urgent action on climate change? To safeguard our way of life?
Because of our obligation to future generations?
I believe that alongside these two great motivations we must add a third. For
climate change is a defining global social justice issue for our generation. If
we do not take the necessary action, we risk condemning the world’s poorest
people to generations of poverty.
In this lecture I hope to explore two related issues. First that dangerous
climate change – and more importantly our response to it – will define
international development for years to come. And second, that our response makes
the need for development all the more urgent. We must not allow the climate
change debate to neglect – or even prevent – the right of developing countries
to grow. Development and climate change, I will argue, are – and must be seen as
– inextricably linked.
 Back
to top
Climate impact on the poor
Over recent months, as International Development Secretary since last July, I
have met people who have shown me that connection in the clearest terms. In
Garissa in northern Kenya last autumn, I visited a camp of 350 families living
in grinding poverty, forced from their homes by flash floods. I met with local
leaders who are trying to preserve the nomadic way of life traditional to so
many of their people in that part of Kenya. One told me bluntly that climate
change was one of the greatest threats they face.
He said that the seasons he remembered as a child have gone. That now when it
rains there are floods, and when the sun shines there is drought. “Climate
change”, he said, “hits us hardest.”
And then just before Christmas I met children in Bangladesh who were both
survivors and victims of Cyclone Sidr. Their personal courage and resilience was
remarkable. Though many had lost both parents, they were not only coping with
tragedy, but seemed to have managed to sustain some sense of hope for their
futures.
For some people the consequences of climate change are not a future threat as
much as a lived reality. Last year the IPCC’s report showed us that the science
of climate change is now beyond any reasonable doubt. In 2006 the report
produced by Nick Stern, of course now a professor here at this institution,
showed us that the costs of tackling climate change will be only a fraction of
the cost of ‘business as usual’. Three months ago the UN’s Human Development
Report showed categorically that climate change is, and I quote: "the defining
human development issue of our generation".
The IPCC and Stern also, however, reminded us that there remain high levels of
uncertainty over the impact of climate change. Overall, it is likely of course
to be very grave. By 2080, an extra 600 million people worldwide could be
affected by malnutrition. An extra 400 million people could be exposed to
malaria. And an extra 1.8 billion people could be living without enough water.
But, and this is a point to which I will return later, how the effects are felt
across different countries, and how those most affected can best respond are
questions to which we need much better answers than we have at present.
Back
to top
Climate shocks may cause large scale migration – the Red Cross estimates that in
2001, for the first time, the number of environmental refugees was greater than
the number of people fleeing war and conflict. By the middle of this century,
there could be as many as 200 million people forced from their homes because of
rising sea levels, heavier floods and more intense droughts. Quite simply, Where
will they go?
And climate change will lead to rising insecurity and conflict as natural
resources become more scarce. The UN reported last year that among the complex
origins of the conflict taking place in Darfur was ecological degradation,
including the spread of desert, decline in rainfall and loss of forests. The
Ghanaian representative at the UN Security Council reported in last year’s
climate change discussion that nomadic herdsmen in Ghana are now arming
themselves with assault rifles to confront local farming communities.
The Himalayan glaciers are the most important source of water for some one and a
half billion people – indeed Manmohan Singh, India’s Prime Minister recently
called them the ‘water tower of Asia’. Those glaciers could disappear in little
over twenty five years time.
Given this knowledge, we must envisage a future when wars are fought not for
land, but for water. If today’s image of climate change is the polar bear,
tomorrow’s could be the AK47.
For if we fail to tackle climate change we won’t just see the rate of progress
in tackling hunger, illiteracy, and sickness slow down. As last year’s UN Human
Development Report shows, if we fail to tackle climate change, global poverty
will increase – development will go into reverse.
But if climate change threatens development, it is just as true that development
– a new kind of low carbon development – is the only credible response to
climate change. For prosperity and economic progress are the best protection for
vulnerable communities. Countries with well educated people, with good
infrastructure and with the wealth to cope with climatic shocks will fare best.
Back
to top
Priorities for action
In 2008, none of us can claim that we do not know the scale and urgency of the
problem. Yet this recognition must lead to action, rather than despair.
And I want to suggest today we need to act on three key priorities:
- Agreeing a global post-Kyoto framework;
- Building a global low-carbon economy; and
- Protecting the most vulnerable.
Let me take these in turn.
Back
to top
Agreeing a global post-Kyoto framework
Above all, we must direct our international efforts towards preventing further
dangerous climate change. Bali started us on the road to agreeing a global
post-Kyoto framework – but let’s be clear, the hard work starts now.
Our first priority must be to agree a global limit for greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. European governments have already said we must give ourselves the
strongest possible chance of containing temperatures within 2 degrees centigrade
above pre-industrial levels. That means cutting global greenhouse emissions by
at least half by 2050. We now need a focused and open debate about where to set
the global goal.
With a goal established, we will need to identify how to allocate the task of
meeting it. Developed countries must take the greatest responsibility for
cutting emissions, because we hold the greatest responsibility for the climate
change that is already occurring and we have a greater capacity to act.
The United Kingdom’s international influence on climate change will also depend
in part on the leadership we take at home. Our Climate Change Bill distinguishes
us as the first country to legislate for such significant cuts in our emissions.
We have already committed publicly to a 60% cut, and the Prime Minister, Gordon
Brown, has recently called for a review to explore “whether our own domestic
target should be tightened up to 80%.”
But developing countries, in particular the largest emerging economies, will
need to join that transition too. For their emissions are growing fast. We all
know that China has joined the ranks of the world’s largest polluters – it is
now suggested that China plans to build as many coal-fired power stations in the
next eight years as have been built in Western Europe since the second world
war. The McKinsey Global institute estimates that developing countries will
generate nearly 80% of growth in world energy demand between now and just 2020.
This demand for energy stems from a fundamental right to development. 1.6
billion people – a quarter of the world’s population – today have no access to
electricity. We cannot simply say to those people, I’m sorry we got here first,
and now we’re going to pull up the ladder. Societies must continue to grow in
order to create the prosperity that is needed both to lift millions out of
poverty and to cope in turn with climate change.
Back
to top
Building a global low-carbon economy
So this is our urgent challenge: we must build a global low-carbon economy that
enables sustainable long-term growth in both developed and also developing
countries.
This will require nothing less than a re-ordering of the global economy towards
low carbon development – a huge task in and of itself. But building a low carbon
path to development and growth should also be seen as an opportunity for
developing and low income countries.
This will need a new model of development which does not aspire simply to
replicate the path to prosperity taken by the industrialised world. Rather, it
must seek to leap decades of polluting development to enable developing
countries to move straight to that cleaner and more prosperous future.
At present it will be the rich countries - and emerging economies - that will
have the resources and technology to change quickest and hence be the winners.
Our challenge is to help the poorest change with us so they can be part of this
new opportunity. If we don’t it will hurt us as well.
How we do this is obviously the critical question. It is here – at the crux of
the climate change debate that progressive, centre-left politics has the most to
offer. Climate change is by definition an international problem requiring a
multilateralist, global response.
As a Labour politician, concern about the allocation of scarce resources is
fundamental to my politics. Climate change and the environment are the clearest
expression of these challenges.
We will need major institutional reform at national and international levels to
help meet this considerable challenge. The Prime Minister set out a compelling
case for reform of the international system last month in India, and it is an
agenda he and the Government as a whole will pursue vigorously in the months and
years ahead.
Back
to top
All governments – in both the developed and developing world – must ensure they
deliver a trinity of aims: economic growth, social cohesion and environmental
care. International institutions must be reformed to provide the global
framework to ensure that this is effective and fair.
Equally, it is clear that the market, left to its own devices, will not solve
this problem. For example, the price we pay for energy today takes no account of
its effect on the climate. Indeed Nicholas Stern called climate change the
"greatest market failure the world has ever seen".
Addressing this market change will require regulation, incentives, and in the
short-term, funding. The Stern Review identifies the mechanisms to which such
initiatives are best directed: carbon pricing; technology policy; and removing
other barriers to change. I will focus my remarks today on the first two: carbon
pricing and technology.
If we are to put economic justice at the heart of a future climate deal we need
to create a carbon price and market that works for the poorest and helps them
compete and benefit from a low carbon future.
The Stern report estimated that the carbon market could eventually provide
transfers of up to $40 billion per year to developing countries. But that market
is still in its infancy. The Clean Development Mechanism in 2006 directed around
$5 billion to developing countries.
We need a global carbon market that will increase the flow of finance to the
least developed countries. This will require reform, such as expanding to
include new sectors – such as forests. Deforestation accounts for some 20% of
all global emissions. Indeed over the next five years alone, deforestation will
account for more carbon emissions than all of the aircraft since the Wright
Brothers. Yet without appropriate incentives to protect forests, we are valuing
them for the timber we can plunder, rather than the carbon they can absorb.
Deforestation is also a clear example of the new economy required. We need to
alter the terms of the market to better reflect our needs and priorities. We
need to create the market conditions so that saving carbon can be valued more
than chopping down trees. This is why the UK has pledged £15 million to support
the work of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, launched recently at Bali,
to help provide the right financial incentives to avoid deforestation in
developing countries. And that is also why we have committed £50 million to a
special fund to help safeguard the forests of the Congo basin – the second lung
of the world.
Back
to top
The second prescription for a global low-carbon economy is through policies that
support the development of new technologies. To achieve the deep cuts in
emissions that are needed, all countries will need to develop and adopt new
technology – and actively ensure that such technology is effective in developing
countries.
There has of course been a lot of discussion about the role of intellectual
property rights in the development and distribution of low-carbon technology –
and it is something which clearly requires much further work. Unlike the
pharmaceutical sector, there is no single ‘cure’ that can be developed to ensure
low-carbon growth. So it is as important that we help developing countries to
build their own capacity to innovate as well as encourage the transfers of
technology from developed countries.
That’s why my Department, the Department for International Development, has
provided over £50 million to drive the development of the Clean Energy
Investment Frameworks at the World Bank and Regional Development Banks - to help
developing countries take advantage of technology and clean energy. But we need
a dramatic expansion to this effort.
The Prime Minister has proposed creating a multi-billion pound global climate
fund at the World Bank to provide the incentives and resources for developing
countries to safeguard their natural resources, protect their vulnerable
communities and grow in a low-carbon way.
This fund must be comprehensive in scope – it must marshal the necessary
resources to help deliver the low carbon economy and help developing countries
to adapt to the impact of climate change. And it must be an international fund
that draws on the support of as many countries as possible.
The UK’s £800 million International Environmental Transformation fund, launched
last year, will form one cornerstone of this international fund. Last week the
United States announced that it would provide £1 billion for clean technology.
And the Japanese Prime Minister also made an announcement of support at Davos a
fortnight ago.
During the course of this year, building on the commitments Japan, the United
States, the United Kingdom and others have already made, we will establish this
new fund. In this way the World Bank can become not only the global leader for
development, but also for the environment.
Back
to top
Protecting the most vulnerable against climate impacts
But let me turn to the third priority I identified: beyond agreeing a post-Kyoto
global framework and creating a global low-carbon economy, must be to help
protect the most vulnerable from the now inevitable impact of climate change.
The new international climate change fund will assist in this effort, but must
be the start rather than the end of our commitment.
Developing countries will need access to the best efforts of scientists,
economists and development experts. So I can announce today that the United
Kingdom will spend over £100 million over the next five years on research into
the science, social and economic impact of climate change for the most
vulnerable developing countries, and on helping those countries to put that
information to good use.
This ten-fold increase on our spending compared to the last five years will be
formed of three pillars: improving scientific understanding; improving economic
and social understanding; and providing the best expertise to developing
countries to help them plan their response.
Firstly, we need to answer the most basic questions of what climate change will
mean for the most vulnerable countries and communities. Will the Sahel become
wetter or drier? What will be the impact of higher rainfall in Ethiopia and
Kenya on agricultural productivity, the spread of malaria and the danger of
flooding?
We are already working in Africa to ensure that meteorologists are able to
supply the kind of information that Governments need to advise farmers on
changing climates – such as trends in rainfall, droughts and floods. The kind of
long-term information those meteorologists have simply never provided
previously.
In the next five years we will do much more of this - working with leading
climate research institutions, in the UK and around the world, to fill the
knowledge gap on local climates and make findings available to the governments
of developing countries.
Secondly, we will invest in helping developing countries to identify, beyond the
environmental impact of climate change for their countries, the specific social
and economic impacts that will follow. We will help countries and regions to
translate the internationally recognised work of Nick Stern on the economics of
climate change into analysis at a regional and at a country level.
Back
to top
And we are already helping researchers to identify options for responding to
climate threats, with a £24 million programme in Africa, which is already, for
example:
- Giving farmers in Benin the information they need to know when and what
to plant, to give their crops the best chance of surviving changing weather
patterns; we’re
- Educating farmers in Nigeria through radio drama in how to best
safeguard their crops; and we’re
- Analysing weather information in East Africa, so that malaria epidemics
can be predicted up to four months before they happen – helping doctors to
better manage the outbreaks.
We will also expand this programme into Latin America and Asia, to ensure that
the least developed countries can benefit from the best possible research.
Thirdly, developing countries need access to world-class expertise to help them
build climate resilient economies and societies. So the United Kingdom
Government, working with any interested partners, will establish a climate
change centre – deploying a virtual network of the best researchers,
practitioners and institutions in the field of climate change – to help
interested developing countries to close their research gaps on physical, social
and economic impacts.
In the climate debate, improving resilience against impacts is of course known
as ‘adaptation’ – but too easily this suggests that it is somehow separate from
development. It isn’t. Adaptation simply means development under the conditions
of a changing climate.
Those conditions make the job of development harder, so we need to help
developing countries to plan their efforts to tackle poverty differently and
better. Not with adaptation as an add on, but with climate resilience built in
from the beginning. To achieve this, countries will need extra resources – so it
is all the more important that developed nations live up to their promises to
provide extra aid resources.
How much extra funding will be needed on top of existing aid commitments is
frankly uncertain – which is why more work needs to be done, and why my
Department is funding a study with the World Bank and the Dutch Government to
help establish the costs of effective adaptation.
Back
to top
The test for our generation
In truth, in terms of development we are approaching a crossroads. If we as a
generation fail to meet the climate change challenge, we risk condemning the
world’s poorest people to generations of poverty. Climate change will not only
embed existing patterns of inequality – both between and often within –
countries. It could also extend them.
We must therefore build a low carbon economy that ensures we deliver the
development needs of the world’s poorest people. And to do this a post-Kyoto
deal must meet five key tests:
- A goal with credible near-term targets;
- A way of sharing greenhouse gas emissions that is fair and
equitable;
- A reformed carbon market to increase the reach and impact of carbon
finance for poor countries;
- Support for technology development and transfer to benefit
developing countries; and
- Support for developing countries to build their resilience and adapt
to climate change.
This is a challenge for all of us. Yes, of course, politicians such as myself
have an important responsibility. But equally, civil society and academia has a
key role to play. We must ensure that we harness the growing civil society
interest in climate change towards global poverty and not let it become a
competing interest.
Put simply, in 2005 the world came together to make poverty history. If we do
not address climate change we threaten to make poverty the future.
That is why I look forward to working with many of you in this room in meeting
this challenge and delivering a low carbon economy that meets the needs of the
poorest people.
Confronting climate change is our shared challenge. Dealing with it could be our
shared opportunity. Tackling it must be our shared achievement.
Back
to top
Links
|
Directgov |
